Síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible asociado a lesión miocárdica: un reporte de caso / Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with associated myocardial injury: A case report / Síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível com lesão miocárdica associada: relato de caso

El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible es poco frecuente y su fisiopatología aún no está bien dilucidada. Su presentación clínica se caracteriza por manifestaciones neurológicas como cefalea "en trueno", déficit focal, vómito, fotofobia y, en casos graves, puede tener complicaciones como eventos cerebrovasculares isquémicos o hemorrágicos. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante angiografía cerebral, angiotomografía o angioresonancia, las cuales documentan vasoconstricción de las arterias cerebrales con resolución espontánea, que en la mayoría de los casos es consistente con un buen pronóstico clínico. A continuación, se expone el caso de una paciente con vasoconstricción cerebral reversible y lesión miocárdica asociada, en donde se logra un diagnóstico mediante imágenes y tratamiento oportuno. La importancia del caso radica en informar sobre el reconocimiento temprano de una complicación miocárdica poco común del síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral, pero con riesgo de morbimortalidad dentro del espectro de los cuadros cerebrovasculares.

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome is a rare condition, and its pathophysiology is not yet fully understood. Its clinical presentation is characterized by neurological manifestations such as "thunderclap" headache, focal deficit, vomiting, photophobia, and, in severe cases, it can lead to complications such as ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events. The diagnosis is made through cerebral angiography, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography, which demonstrate vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries with spontaneous resolution, which in most cases is consistent with a good clinical prognosis. Here, we present the case of a patient with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and associated myocardial injury, where a diagnosis was achieved through imaging and timely treatment. The importance of this case lies in raising awareness about the early recognition of a rare myocardial complication of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, which carries a risk of morbidity and mortality within the spectrum of cerebrovascular disorders.

A síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível é rara e sua fisiopatologia ainda não é bem compreendida. Sua apresentação clínica é caracterizada por manifestações neuro-lógicas como cefaléia em trovoada, déficit focal, vômitos, fotofobia e, em casos graves, pode ter complicações como eventos cerebrovasculares isquêmicos ou hemorrágicos. O diagnóstico é feito por angiografia cerebral, angiotomografia ou angiorressonância , que documentam vasoconstrição das artérias cerebrais com resolução espontânea, o que na maioria dos casos é compatível com bom prognóstico clínico. A seguir, é apresentado o caso de um paciente com vasoconstrição cerebral reversível e lesão miocárdica associa-da, onde o diagnóstico é feito por imagem e tratamento oportuno. A importância do caso está em relatar o reconhecimento precoce de uma rara complicação miocárdica da síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral, mas com risco de morbimortalidade dentro do espectro das doenças cerebrovasculares.

A rare case of sulcal hemorrhage after ischemic stroke � A case report

Atraumatic Non-aneurysmal sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage is very rare. Sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sSAH) is characterized by isolated bleeding in one or a few adjacent sulci. Central sulcus hemorrhage is a rare imaging finding. There are many causes for sSAH. In older patients, sSAH is due to Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA), while in younger patients, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is the most frequent etiology. Imaging studies help in the evaluation of sSAH. We report a rare case of an isolated central sulcus hemorrhage on computed tomography. sSAH usually occur on the side with acute ischemic stroke, and it is unusual for sSAH to occur on the opposite side of the infarct territory, but in our case sSAH occurred on opposite side, but after a gap of 3 years.

Early term ocular changes after cold compress application / Alterações oculares precoces após aplicação de compressas frias

ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine changes in the eyes after cold compress application at the early stage. Method: A total of 62 eyes from 62 healthy adult participants were included in this cross-sectional and comparative study. The subfoveal choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber thickness were measured by spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography. The central corneal thickness, anterior segment volume and depth, iridocorneal angle, and pupil diameter were measured by means of the Scheimpflug anterior segment imaging method. The measurements were repeated after 10 min of cold compress application, which was applied using special packs. The procedures were then repeated with non-cold packages to exclude the effect of pressure. Results: The average age of the participants was 30.74 ± 5.82 years. There was no significant change in the central corneal thickness after cold compress application, and there was a significant decrease in the anterior segment volume (p<0.001), anterior segment depth (p<0.001), and pupil diameter. Moreover, the iridocorneal angle increased (p=0.002). The subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased after the application of cold compress (p<0.001). The overall disk thickness (p=0.034) and superior nasal scale (p=0.007) significantly decreased after the cold compress was administered during the evaluation of optic nerve fiber thickness. In contrast to that with the cold application, the subfoveal choroidal thickness and optic nerve fiber thickness did not change after the non-cold compress application (p>0.05). Conclusion: Cold compress application may thus cause some physiological changes in the eyes, which necessitates the examination of its usage and effects.

RESUMO Objetivos: Examinar as mudanças nos olhos após a aplicação com compressa fria. Método: Sessenta e dois olhos de 62 adultos saudáveis foram incluídos neste estudo transversal e comparativo. A espessura da coróide subfoveal e a espessura da fibra nervosa retiniana foram mensuradas por tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (OCT). A espessura central da córnea, o volume e a profundidade do segmento anterior, o ângulo iridocorneano e o diâmetro da pupila foram mensurados por meio do método de imagem do segmento anterior de Scheimpflug. As medições foram repetidas após 10 minutos de aplicação de compressas frias, aplicadas com embalagens especiais. Os procedimentos foram repetidos com embalagens não frias para excluir o efeito da pressão. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 30,74 ± 5,82 anos. Embora não tenha havido alteração significativa na espessura central da córnea após a aplicação da compressa fria, houve diminuição significativa no volume do segmento anterior (p<0,001), na profundidade do segmento anterior (p<0,001) e no diâmetro da pupila. Além disso, o ângulo iridocorneano aumentou (p=0,002). A espessura da coróide subfoveal diminuiu após a aplicação da compressa fria (p<0,001). A espessura total do disco (p=0,034) e a escala nasal superior (p=0,007) diminuíram significativamente após a administração da compressa fria durante a avaliação da espessura da fibra do nervo óptico. Ao contrário da aplicação com compressa fria, a espessura da coróide subfoveal e a espessura da fibra do nervo óptico não mudaram após a aplicação da compressa não fria (p>0,05). Conclusão: A aplicação de compressa fria pode causar algumas alterações fisiológicas nos olhos e o seu uso e efeitos devem ser observados.

Vasoconstricción cerebral fatal, presentación inusual de una enfermedad inusual / Fatal reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: An unusual presentation of a rare disease

Resumen | El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible se produce por la constricción variable, segmentaria y multifocal, de las arterias cerebrales y, generalmente, es de curso benigno. Se describe el caso de una mujer de 49 años que consultó por cefalea, síntomas visuales y convulsiones; tres días después, presentaba áreas de vasoconstricción en, por lo menos, dos territorios vasculares y dos segmentos de las mismas arterias. Fue internada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para controlarle la presión arterial y recibir tratamiento médico. Tuvo una evolución tórpida y, en el séptimo día de hospitalización, desarrolló edema cerebral maligno, tras lo cual ocurrió la muerte cerebral. Se inició entonces el plan de donación de órganos y, posteriormente, se practicó una autopsia guiada del cerebro. El estudio de patología descartó vasculitis y reveló áreas de hemorragia en la convexidad cerebral. Se discuten los aspectos más relevantes de los casos con evolución fulminante informados en la literatura científica. El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible se asocia con resultados fatales cuando los pacientes tienen una deficiencia neurológica focal, la neuroimagen inicial muestra alteraciones y hay un deterioro clínico rápido. Es importante conocer los factores asociados con un mal pronóstico, y establecer estrategias tempranas de intervención y prevención.

Abstract | The reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a variable, segmental, and multifocal constriction of brain arteries, usually with a benign course. We describe the case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with headaches, visual symptoms, and seizures. Three days after admission, vasoconstriction areas were found in at least two vascular territories in two segments of the same arteries. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit where her blood pressure was monitored and she received medical treatment. Surprisingly, the patient presented an unpredicted evolution in developing malignant cerebral edema on the seventh day after admission. She then suffered brain death and was taken to organ donation. A guided nervous system necropsy was later performed. The pathology discarded vasculitis and exhibited hemorrhage areas in the cerebral convexity. Herein, we discuss the most relevant aspects of cases with fulminant evolution reported in the literature. The reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is usually associated with fatal outcomes when patients exhibit focalization, their first neuroimaging typically shows disturbances, and a rapid clinical deterioration occurs. It is crucial to identify factors linked to poor prognosis and set intervention strategies and early prevention.

Cardioprotective solutions exposure for 1 hour in hypoxia and low temperatures affects vascular reactivity differently

Abstract Introduction: Heart preservation benefits cardiac performance after operations decreasing morbidity but the contribution of the vascular reactivity has been neglected. Objective: We evaluated whether cardioprotective solutions, Krebs-Henseleit (KH), Bretschneider-HTK (BHTK), St. Thomas No. 1 (STH-1), and Celsior (CEL), affect vascular reactivity. Methods: Aortic rings from Wistar rats were used in two protocols. First, the rings were exposed to BHTK, STH-1 or CEL for 1 hour of hypoxia at 37 °C. Second, the rings were exposed to 10 °C or 20 °C for 1 hour under hypoxia. After treatment, the rings were immersed in KH at 37 °C, endothelial integrity was tested and concentration-response curves to phenylephrine were performed. Results: In the first protocol, the solutions did not damage the endothelium; CEL and BHTK reduced KCl-induced contractions but not STH-1; only CEL and BHTK reduced vascular reactivity; there was a positive correlation between Rmax and KCl concentration. At 20 °C, 1 hour under hypoxia, the solutions produced similar KCl-induced contractions without endothelial damage. CEL, BHTK and STH-1 decreased vascular reactivity. At 10 °C, STH-1 increased reactivity but CEL and BHTK decreased. After 1 hour under hypoxia in CEL or BHTK solutions, reactivity was similar at different temperatures. At 20 °C, endothelial damage after exposure to STH-1 produced more vasoconstriction than CEL and BHTK. However, at 10 °C, endothelial damage after CEL and BHTK exposure elicited more vasoconstriction while STH-1 showed a small vasoconstrictor response, suggesting endothelial damage. Conclusion: STH-1 decreased reactivity at 20 °C and increased at 10 °C. CEL promoted greater endothelial modulation at 10 °C than at 20 °C, while STH-1 promoted higher modulation at 20 °C than at 10 °C. Vascular tone was reduced by CEL and BHTK exposure, also depending on the KCl concentration.

Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Enhances Vasoconstriction by Altering Calcium Homeostasis in Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells under Simulated Microgravity / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Exposure to microgravity results in postflight cardiovascular deconditioning in astronauts. Vascular oxidative stress injury and mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported during this process. To elucidate the mechanism for this condition, we investigated whether mitochondrial oxidative stress regulates calcium homeostasis and vasoconstriction in hindlimb unweighted (HU) rat cerebral arteries.@*Methods@#Three-week HU was used to simulate microgravity in rats. The contractile responses to vasoconstrictors, mitochondrial fission/fusion, Ca @*Results@#An increase of cytoplasmic Ca @*Conclusion@#The present results suggest that mitochondrial oxidative stress enhances cerebral vasoconstriction by regulating calcium homeostasis during simulated microgravity.

Notas del manejo hemodinámico durante la guardia COVID-19 / Notes on hemodynamic management during the COVID-19 watch

Resumen: Todo en medicina debe fundamentarse y equilibrarse en tres pilares. El primero es: un fuerte principio fisiológico; una explicación de qué provoca el fenómeno patológico al que nos estamos enfrentando y con la cual encontremos cómo puede ser revertida dicha patología. El segundo pilar es: una adecuada corroboración estadística; un principio fisiológico puede ser cierto, pero ello no implica que el desenlace que buscamos (disminución de la mortalidad) sea el resultado de nuestras intervenciones. El tercer pilar es un protocolo clínico, lo que implica la parte más importante de todas, el trabajar unidos. De nada sirve creer conocer la verdad, si es que es así, si no se tiene las mismas metas en todos los turnos, corremos el riesgo de caer en la falacia de que «lo que yo hago es lo correcto y los demás se equivocan¼; si no estamos unidos en cada turno de atención al paciente, nunca sabremos qué es lo mejor para él, sólo tendremos un buen pretexto para afirmar que la culpa nunca es nuestra. Durante las crisis emergentes se puede trabajar sin la estadística mientras ésta se va construyendo, pero nunca sin fisiología y unidad (protocolos), la explicación fisiológica aquí vertida es lo más exacta posible, el protocolo es una inducción derivada de dicha fisiológica en espera de tener pronto una estadística que nos diga si lo que hacemos es de utilidad o no. En conclusión, lo que el lector tiene en sus manos son conjeturas en búsqueda de refutaciones. Al momento de escribir este artículo la única respuesta correcta es «Aún no lo sabemos¼.

Abstract: Everything in medicine must be based and balanced on three pillars, the first is: a strong physiological principle; an explanation of what causes the pathological phenomenon that we are facing with which we find how this pathology can be reversed, the second pillar is an adequate statistical corroboration; a physiological principle may be true, but this does not imply that the outcome we seek (decrease in mortality) is the result of our interventions. The third pillar is a clinical protocol, which implies the most important part of all, working together. It is useless to believe that you know the truth, if that is the case, if you do not have the same goals in every shift, we run the risk of falling into the fallacy that «what I do is right and others are wrong¼, if we are not united in each shift of patient care we will never know what is best for the patient, we will only have a good pretext to affirm that the fault is never ours. During emerging crises you can work without statistics while it is being built, but never without physiology and unity (protocols), the physiological explanation given here is as accurate as possible, the protocol is an induction derived from said physiology, waiting to have Soon a statistic will tell us if what we do is useful or not. In conclusion, what the reader has in his hands are conjectures in search of refutations. At the time of writing this article the only correct answer is «We don't know yet¼.

Síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible inducido por maniobra de Valsalva: Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Valsalva maneuver induced-reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: Case report and literature review

RESUMEN El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible es una entidad clínico-radiológica caracterizada por la presentación de cefalea severa de inicio hiperagudo tipo "trueno", con o sin signos y síntomas neurológicos adicionales en relación a una vasoconstricción arterial cerebral segmentaria que resuelve espontáneamente a los 3 meses. Por la superposición de las manifestaciones clínicas con otras entidades nosológicas, y por los múltiples factores etiológicos asociados, el diagnóstico se convierte en un reto; es imperativo realizarlo de forma temprana para la instauración de un tratamiento adecuado y la prevención de complicaciones. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente en quien se documentó como etiología la realización repetitiva de la maniobra de Valsalva sin otro factor concomitante, se exponen las intervenciones realizadas y se hace una revisión narrativa del tema con énfasis en el diagnóstico diferencial.

SUMMARY Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a clinical-radiological entity characterized by severe and hyperacute onset-thunderclap headache, with or without additional neurological signs and symptoms in relation to a segmental cerebral arterial vasoconstriction that resolves spontaneously at around 3 months. Its clinical manifestations are similar to other diseases, and additionally there are multiple associated etiological factors; early diagnosis becomes a challenge, but is essential to establish proper treatment and prevent complications. We present the case of a female patient in whom the repetitive performance of the Valsalva maneuver without another concomitant factor was documented as etiology, the interventions performed are presented and a narrative review of the topic is made with emphasis on differential diagnosis.

Temperature gradients in domestic cats over seven-years-old: descriptive analysis / Avaliação descritiva dos gradientes de temperatura em felinos domésticos com mais de sete anos

The temperature gradients are dynamic and noninvasive monitoring techniques that provide information on peripheral blood flow and have been related to the prognosis of patients with circulatory shock. This study evaluated 47 elderly domestic cats' temperature gradients, and we measured central (rectal) and peripheral (palmar, plantar and medial region of the radio) temperatures. Values found in this study are compatible with studies in young felines and differ from dogs and humans. The mean gradients found were 7.5°C for the central-peripheral; 5.6°C for the peripheral-environmental; 2.7°C for the skin-diff; and 0°C for the member-diff and the variables age and gender do not seem to influence these measurements. To the authors' knowledge, there is no description of temperature gradients in elderly domestic cats, so this study pretends to clarify the vasoconstriction response in this group of animals.(AU)

Os gradientes de temperatura são técnicas de monitoração dinâmicas e não-invasivas que fornecem informações sobre o fluxo sanguíneo periférico, e têm sido relacionados ao prognóstico de paciente com choque circulatório. O presente estudo avaliou os gradientes de temperatura em 47 felinos domésticos idosos aferindo as temperaturas central (retal) e periférica (palmar, plantar e região medial do rádio). Os gradientes encontrados foram 7,5°C para o centro-periférico; 5,6°C para o periférico-ambiental; 2,7°C para o skin-diff; e 0°C para o member-diff. As variáveis idade e sexo não pareceram influenciar as mensurações. Não há, em conhecimento dos autores, descrição prévia dos gradientes de temperatura em felinos domésticos idosos, e por isso esse estudo pretende contribuir com o entendimento sobre a capacidade de resposta de vasoconstrição nesse grupo de animais.(AU)

Vascular mechanisms of monodesmosidic triterpene saponins isolated from Passiflora quadrangularis L / Mecanismos vasculares de saponinas triterpénicas monodesmosídicas aisladas de Passiflora quadrangularis L

Background: Passiflora quadrangularis L. has antihypertensive and anxiolytic properties observed in experimental models. Objectives: The aim of this work was to establish the vascular effects exerted by two known monodesmosidic triterpene saponins, 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyloleanolic acid (Compound 1) (not previously described for this plant) and, 3-O-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid (Compound 2), isolated from the ethanolic extract of Passiflora quadrangularis L. leaves. Methods: The structural elucidation was achieved by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Aortic rings from Wistar rats, previously stimulated with phenylephrine (PE, 1µM) and washed, were exposed to cumulatively concentrations of compound 1 and compound 2 (10 to 400 µM). Ethanolic extract from leaves of P. quadrangularis L. (10 to 320 µg/ mL) and clonidine (1nM to 100µM) were also used for comparison. Concentration response curves of compounds 1 and 2 were examined in presence and absence of: endothelium, the alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine (1 and 100 µM), the alpha non selective antagonist phentolamine (1µM), the alpha-1 antagonist prazosin (1µM) and the calcium channel blocker verapamil (10 and 100 µM). In addition, cumulatively response curve of acetylcholine (ACh, 10nM to 10µM) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1nM to 100µM) were assayed in rings precontracted with compounds 1 and 2 (400 µM). Results: Compounds 1 and 2 elicited a vasoconstriction response in intact aorta rings in similar way (pEC50: 3.92±0.01 and 4.09±0.01, respectively), effect that did not change in denuded rings (pEC50: 3.90±0.01 and 4.11±0.01). The potency order (pEC50) of compounds 1 and 2 decreased according to the following: verapamil (3.53±0.01 and 3.90±0.02; p<0.05) < yohimbine (3.65±0.01 and 3.94±0.02; p<0.05) < prazosin (3.86±0.01 and 4.30±0.02) < phentolamine (4.05±0.02 and 4.05±0.01). SNP but not ACh, was able to decrease the vasopressor effect of compounds 1 and 2 (pIC50: 8.61±0.01 and 8.24 ± 0.15, respectively). Conclusions: Compounds 1 and 2 are key metabolites responsible for the ex vivo vasoconstrictor response induced by P. quadrangularis L. Activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels and/or α2-adrenergic receptors stimulation could be mechanisms implicated.

Antecedentes: Passiflora quadrangularis L. tiene propiedades antihipertensivas y ansiolíticas observadas en modelos animales. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer los efectos vasculares ejercidos por dos conocidas saponinas triterpénicas monodesmosídicas: el ácido 3-O-ß-D glucopiranosiloleanólico (Compuesto 1) (no descrito previamente para esta especie vegetal) y el ácido 3-O-[ß-D-glucopiranosil- (1→2)-ß-D-glucopiranosil]oleanólico (Compuesto 2), aisladas del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Passiflora quadrangularis L. Métodos: La elucidación estructural se llevó a cabo mediante experimentos de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (NMR) y determinaciones de Espectrometría de Masas de Alta Resolución (HRMS). Los anillos aórticos de ratas Wistar, previamente estimulados con fenilefrina (PE, 1 µM) y lavados, fueron expuestos a concentraciones acumulativas del compuesto 1 y compuesto 2 (10 a 400 µM). El extracto etanólico de las hojas de P. quadrangularis L. (10 a 320 µg / ml) y clonidina (1 nM a 100 µM) se utilizaron para la comparación. Las curvas de concentración respuesta de los compuestos 1 y 2 se examinaron en presencia y ausencia de: endotelio, el antagonista alfa-2 yohimbina (1 y 100 µM), el antagonista alfa no selectivo fentolamina (1 µM), el antagonista alfa-1 prazosina (1 µM) y el bloqueador de canales de calcio verapamilo (10 y 100 µM). Además, la curva de concentraciones acumulativas de acetilcolina (ACh, 10 nM a 10 µM) y nitroprusiato de sodio (SNP, 1 nM a 100 µM) se ensayó en anillos pre-contraídos con los compuestos 1 y 2 (400 µM). Resultados: Los compuestos 1 y 2 provocaron una respuesta de vasoconstricción en los anillos de aorta intactos de manera similar (pEC50: 3.92 ± 0.01 y 4.09 ± 0.01, respectivamente), este efecto no cambió en los anillos denudados (pEC50: 3.90 ± 0.01 y 4.11 ± 0.01). El orden de potencia (pEC50) de los compuestos 1 y 2 disminuyó de la siguiente manera: verapamilo (3.53 ± 0.01 y 3.90 ± 0.02; p <0.05) < yohimbina (3.65 ± 0.01 y 3.94 ± 0.02; p <0.05) < prazosina (3.86 ± 0.01 y 4.30 ± 0.02)

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome presenting as convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome during postpartum: A case report and literature review

@#Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by thunderclap headache and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction, with other neurologic signs and symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, there were only a few cases of RCVS presenting both as both convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Herein, we report a case of a 32-year-old woman with RCVS who presented with recurrent thunderclap headaches that occurred 50 days after delivery, with cSAH and PRES on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). She had significant clinical and radiological recovery on 3 months’ follow-up. The clinical coexistence of cSAH and PRES in our case with RCVS is quite rare. This case illustrates the importance of awareness of the diagnosis of RCVS among clinicians even when initial brain and vascular imaging are normal. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better prognosis.

Mechanisms underlying the vascular relaxation activities of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum in thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate vasorelaxant and vasoconstriction effects of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (ZOVR) on live rats and isolated aortic rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).@*METHODS@#Extracts of ZOVR were subjected to in-vivo antihypertensive screening using noninvasive blood pressures in SHRs. The most potent extract, ZOVR petroleum ether extract (ZOP) was then fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform and water. Isolated thoracic aortic rings were harvested and subjected to vascular relaxation studies of n-hexane fraction of ZOP (HFZOP) with incubation of different antagonists such as N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 µmol/L), indomethacin (10 µmol/L), methylene blue (10 µmol/L), atropine (1 µmol/L), glibenclamide (10 µmol/L), prazosin (0.01 µmol/L), and propranolol (1 µmol/L).@*RESULTS@#During the screening of various ZOVR extracts, ZOP produced the most reduction in blood pressures of SHRs and so did HFZOP. HFZOP significantly decreased phenylephrine-induced contraction and enhanced acetylcholine-induced relaxation. L-NAME, indomethacin, methylene blue, atropine, and glibenclamide significantly potentiated the vasorelaxant effects of HFZOP. Propranolol and prazosin did not alter the vasorelaxant effects of HFZOP. HFZOP significantly suppressed the Ca-dependent contraction and influenced the ratio of the responses to phenylephrine in Ca-free medium.@*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrates that ZOP may exert an antihypertensive effect in the SHR model. Its possible vascular relaxation mechanisms involve nitric oxide and prostacyclin release, activation of cGMP-K channels, stimulation of muscarinic receptors, and transmembrane calcium channel or Ca release from intracellular stores. Possible active compounds that contribute to the vasorelaxant effects are 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol.

Rapid change of estrogen levels induce reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: A report of two cases

@#Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) presents with characteristic clinical, brain imaging, and angiographic findings. The most common clinical feature of RCVS is a severe acute headache, which is often referred to as a thunderclap headache owing to the nature of its presentation. It may occur spontaneously or may be provoked by various precipitating factors. We present two cases of RCVS concomitant with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Patient 1 was a 42-yearold woman admitted to our hospital with severe headache radiating to the neck, with associated vomitting. She had a history of ovarian cancer and underwent an operation for resection of the tumor a month prior to presentation. After resection, her estradiol (E2) levels were reduced from 288 pg/ ml to 31 pg/ml (normal range, 0-49 pg/ml). Initial imaging upon admission to our hospital revealed left posterior convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed findings consistent with RCVS affecting the left posterior cerebral artery. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) showed CVST of the left transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed a left posterior ischemic lesion. These findings improved following treatment with nimodipine and anticoagulant. Patient 2 was a 39-year-old woman presented with holocranial headache associated with vomiting. She was diagnosed with an ovarian tumor. She underwent an operation three months prior to presentation. After tumor resection, her E2 level decrease from 193 pg/ml to 19 pg/ml (normal range, 0-49 pg/ml). MRA confirmed the presence of a vasospasm involving the right anterior cerebral artery. MRV confirmed the presence of thrombosis involving the superior sagittal sinus. She was discharged on postpartum day 31 without neurological deficits after treatment with anticoagulants. At 3 month follow-up, both MRA and MRV were within the normal limits. In conclusion, this is the first report of two women diagnosed with RCVS with concomitant CVST following ovarian tumor resection. The rapid change of perioperative E2 levels may have contributed to the development of CVST and RCVS.

Application of microvascular measurement technology in endothelial removal / 中国药理学通报

Aim To improve the reliability of research data of microvascular measurement technology by establishing a research method for the removal of vascular endothelium from isolated arterioles. Methods For this study, 12-wk-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto ( WKY) rats were selected. Acute separation of the mesenteric artery was performed after measurement of blood pressure. The endothelium was removed by a combination of mechanical (the vascular ring rotated around the electrode tip and gas was injected) and drug (L-NAME and indom-ethacin). Thenthe effects of different concentrations of phenylephrine ( PE), ACh, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the changes of the mesenteric artery diameter in the rats with endothelial integrity and endothelial removal were measured using pressure myocardio-graphy. Results (1) The blood pressure ofSHR rats was significantly higher than that of WKY rats (P could relax the mesenteric artery of SHR and WKY rats in a concentration-dependent manner. When the endothelium was intact, the relaxation of SHR was significantly weaker than that of WKY rats (P < 0. 01 )j Compared with WKY rats, SHR showed a significantly enhanced relaxation when the endothelium was removed (P <0. 01). Conclusions (1) We successfully established a research method for vascular endothelium removal by in vitro arteriolar pressure arthrography. ( 2 ) Hypertensive rats have a significant vasomotor dysfunction.

Síndrome De Vasoconstricción Cerebral Reversible Secundario A Fármacos: Reporte De Caso / Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome Secondary To Drugs: Case Report

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible es una entidad clínica y radiológica caracterizada por cefalea en estallido recurrente y vasoconstricción segmental multifocal de las arterias cerebrales, acompañado o no de otros déficits neurológicos, el cual resuelve espontáneamente en uno a tres meses. Métodos: Se reporta el caso clínico de una paciente que fue diagnosticada de síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible secundario a fármacos vasoactivos. Se plantea una búsqueda bibliográfica y una puesta al día de las últimas actualizaciones en relación a esta patología. Conclusión: Al menos la mitad de los casos de este síndrome son secundarios, sobre todo postparto y/o por la exposición a sustancias vasoactivas tales como drogas ilícitas, simpaticomiméticos y serotoninérgicos. Es trascendental identificar este cuadro a fin de retirar los posibles agentes causales, o evitar las complicaciones potenciales

Introduction: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a clinical-radiologic syndrome characterized by recurrent thunderclap headache, with or without other acute neurological symptoms, and diffuse segmental constriction of cerebral arteries that resolves spontaneously within 3 months. Methods: It is described a clinic case of a woman, who was diagnosed with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. A literature search and an update of the latest updates regarding this disease was done. Conclusion: At least half of the cases of this syndrome are secondary, especially postpartum and/or exposure to vasoactive substances such as illicit drugs, sympathomimetics and serotonergic drugs. It is crucial to identify this disorder in order to remove possible causative agents, or avoid potential complications.

Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome Study and management proposal / Síndrome de vasoconstricción reversible Propuesta de estudio y manejo

Abstract Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome is a group of clinical-radiological alterations that are characterized by severe sudden-onset headaches and reversible multifocal narrowing of the cerebral arteries. Most patients do not present with focal neurological deficit, although it can be seen in a small group, associated with cerebral edema, stroke or seizures. It is considered to be a benign process that causes disability and death in a minority of patients. The term 'reversible vasoconstriction syndrome' has been proposed to unify a variety of clinical syndromes which are similar, but have different etiologies, and have originated various eponyms. The apparently low frequency of reversible vasoconstriction syndrome and the way it presents make it a diagnostic challenge in the emergency room, and it may go unnoticed without an adequate medical history. A case probably related to the use of isometeptene is presented. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1213)

Resumen El síndrome de vasoconstricción reversible es un grupo de alteraciones clínico-radiológicas que se caracterizan por cefaleas intensas de inicio brusco y estrechamiento multifocal reversible de las arterias cerebrales. La mayoría de los pacientes no presentan déficit neurológico focal, aunque puede verse en un grupo reducido asociándose con edema cerebral, ataque cerebrovascular o convulsiones. Es considerado un proceso benigno, en pocos casos originan discapacidad y muerte en una minoría de pacientes. El término de síndrome de vasoconstricción reversible se ha propuesto para unificar a una variedad de síndromes clínicos similares, pero de etiología diferentes y han originados diversos epónimos. La aparente baja frecuencia del síndrome de vasoconstricción reversible y su forma de presentación hace que se convierta en un reto diagnóstico en los servicios de urgencias y puede pasar desapercibido si no se tiene una historia clínica adecuada. Presentamos un caso probablemente relacionado al uso de isometepteno. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1213)

Sustained transanorectal cryogenic treatment of hemorrhoids with the cryocure device: a prospective study

Background: Globally about 330 million people suffer from hemorrhoids at some time during their lives. About 1.2 million new cases are reported annually, it is not discussed freely and a simple, safe and cost effective solution is yet to be proposed. The authors studied a new technique called Transanorectal Vasoconstriction as a possible treatment of grade 1, 2 and 3 hemorrhoids.Methods: The study randomly recruited 1591 patients suffering from grade 1 to 3 hemorrhoids in Europe and India and subjected them to Transanorectal Cryogenic Vasoconstriction technique using a device called Cryocure that provides sustained release cooling of hemorrhoids leading to vasoconstriction and shrinkage. The technique was applied between 7 and 15 days and patients were assessed after 3 months.Results: The treatment outcome of 1591 patients (M:F 962:629) recruited randomly, showed that 86.12% were practically symptom free after 7 to 14 days of the treatment, and during the assessment after three months. 6.36% of the treated patients reported that one or more symptoms of itching and pain persisted but were not bleeding after the treatment period of 7 to 14 days. A few patients, 3.11% had reported that they had no benefit whatsoever from the treatment. All patients were followed for a period of 9 months. However, it was found that 4.45% of patients had various types of recurrences including bleeding.Conclusions: The present study concludes that Transanorectal Cryogenic Vasoconstriction technique using Cryocure can be a simple, safe and cost effective choice of treatment in uncomplicated grade 1, 2 and 3 hemorrhoids.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome a rare cause of post-partum headache: an anesthetic overview / Síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível, uma causa rara de cefaleia pós-parto: visão da anestesia

Abstract Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a cerebrovascular disorder leading to multifocal arterial constriction and dilation. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is possibly caused by transient deregulation of cerebral vascular tone. We report a rare case of a patient with chief complain of postpartum headache, was later diagnosed as a case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. A young full term primigravida with good uterine contraction admitted to labour room. Later she complained of leaking per vagina and on examination meconium stained liquor was noted. Caesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia was done and intra-operative period was uneventful. Both mother and baby were normal and shifted to postoperative ward and nursery respectively. In postoperative ward, mother complained of severe headache after 1 h and later developed seizure. Midazolam was given intravenously and was intubated and transferred to critical care unit for further investigation and management. Non contrast computerised tomography scan of brain showed right occipital intracerebral as well as subarachnoid bleed. CT angiography showed right vertebral artery narrowing without any other vascular malformation. Patient was managed in critical care unit for 2 days and then extubated and shifted to high dependency ward after a day observation and discharged 3 days later after a full uneventful recovery.

Resumo A síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível é uma doença cerebrovascular que leva à constrição e dilatação arterial multifocal. A síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível é possivelmente causada pela desregulação transitória do tônus vascular cerebral. Relatamos um caso raro de uma paciente com queixa principal de cefaleia pós-parto, posteriormente diagnosticada como um caso de síndrome de vasoconstrição cerebral reversível. A jovem primigesta a termo apresentando boa contração uterina foi internada em sala de parto. Mais tarde, a parturiente queixou-se de perda de líquido pela vagina e, ao exame, líquido amniótico manchado foi observado. O parto cesariano sob raquianestesia foi realizado, e não houve intercorrência no período intraoperatório. Tanto a mãe quanto o bebê estavam normais e foram transferidos para a sala de recuperação pós-operatória e berçário, respectivamente. Na sala de recuperação, a mãe queixou-se de forte dor de cabeça após uma hora e depois desenvolveu convulsão. Midazolam foi administrado por via intravenosa, e a paciente foi intubada e transferida para uma unidade de terapia intensiva para posterior investigação e tratamento. A tomografia computadorizada sem contraste do cérebro mostrou hemorragia intracerebral occipital direita e subaracnoide. A angiotomografia mostrou estreitamento da artéria vertebral direita, sem qualquer outra malformação vascular. A paciente foi tratada em unidade de terapia intensiva por dois dias e, em seguida, foi extubada e transferida para a ala de alta dependência onde permaneceu um dia em observação, recebendo alta hospitalar três dias depois, após uma recuperação completa e sem intercorrências.

Síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible (Call-Fleming) en el puerperio: reporte de un caso / Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (Call-Fleming) during puerperium: A case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El síndrome de vasoconstricción cerebral reversible, o síndrome de Call-Fleming, es una alteración excepcional, de origen incierto, caracterizada por cefalea, déficit neurológico y vasoespasmo cerebral reversible. En cuanto a su mecanismo fisiopatológico, se señala la relación con vasoconstricción segmentaria reversible en diferentes áreas cerebrales. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 34 años, sin antecedentes de importancia para el padecimiento actual, de 40 semanas de embarazo, que ingresó a la unidad médica por actividad uterina irregular, con cifras tensionales de 120-80 mmHg, pulso 80 por minuto, frecuencia respiratoria 20 por minuto y temperatura de 37 ºC; la frecuencia cardiaca fetal fue de 140 latidos por minuto. Al no existir progresión del trabajo de parto, se decidió su interrupción por vía abdominal y se obtuvo un recién nacido sano. Durante el puerperio inmediato, después de la administración de ergonovina, la paciente manifestó hipertensión arterial y cefalea súbita relacionada con déficit neurológico, por lo que requirió el ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos hasta su estabilización. Se estableció el diagnóstico de cefalea tipo "trueno"; la tomografía computada no mostró alteraciones aparentes, el líquido cefalorraquídeo fue claro, con concentración leucocitaria de 10 mm3 y eritrocitaria de 6 mm3. CONCLUSIÓN: El síndrome de Call-Fleming es una alteración poco frecuente durante el embarazo y puerperio; por tanto, es importante conocer, identificar y establecer el diagnóstico diferencial de la enfermedad.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, or Call-Fleming syndrome, is an exceptional disorder of uncertain origin, characterized by headache, neurological deficit and reversible cerebral vasospasm. Regarding its physiopathological mechanism, the relationship with reversible segmental vasoconstriction in different brain areas has been postulated. CLINICAL CASE: A 34-year-old patient, in the 40 weeks pregnant, admitted to the medical unit due to irregular uterine activity, with blood pressure figures of 120/80 mmHg, pulse 80/min, respiratory rate 20/min and temperature of 37 ° C; the fetal heart rate was 140 beats per minute. Due to the non-progression of labor, it was decided to interrupt it by abdominal route, from which a healthy newborn was obtained. During the immediate puerperium, after the administration of ergonovine, the patient manifested arterial hypertension and sudden headache related to neurological deficit, for which she required admission to the Intensive Care Unit until stabilization. The diagnosis of "thunder" type headache was established; the computed tomography showed no apparent alterations, the cerebrospinal fluid was clear, and leukocyte concentration of 10 mm3 and erythrocyte of 6 mm3. CONCLUSION: Call-Fleming syndrome is a rare condition during pregnancy and puerperium; therefore, it is important to know, identify and establish the differential diagnosis of the disease.

Role of Ca2+ in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction / 中华危重病急救医学

In acute hypoxia, pulmonary vascular will contract and divert blood to better ventilated area to optimize ventilation/perfusion matching, which is known as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). In chronic hypoxia, irreversible pulmonary vascular remodeling can be induced, characterized by pulmonary artery middle smooth muscle cells and the outer fiber cell hyperplasia in luminal stenosis and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) eventually. Furthermore, PAH can cause increased ventricular afterload, and right heart failure in severe cases. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) elevated Ca2+ concentration is one of the most important factors of its contractions, proliferation and migration. Recent studies on Ca2+ promoting in HPV were summarized in order to provide evidence for clinical prevention of hypoxia and therapeutic PAH.